Normally software installed via Administrator-level accounts will work on User-level accounts. In rare cases, however, users who do not have Administrator privileges will not be able to access the license information and the software will not run. The default Windows Registry security settings will allow user-level accounts to access the serial number that was entered by the installation software. However, it is possible to set up the default Registry permissions in such a way as to disable user-level access. This occasionally occurs in large institutions that have central administration of their computer systems. To fix this, do the following:
Today many astronomical cameras use ASCOM standard interfaces. Some camera manufacturers provide direct MaxIm DL plug-ins. Some manufacturers provide both options. Please see the manufacturer's web site for driver downloads and installation instructions.
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Almost all cameras require the manufacturer's camera drivers to be installed, even if they are operated via a plug-in included with MaxIm DL. Please be sure to visit the manufacturer's web site for driver downloads and installation instructions.
Other cameras are no longer manufactured or supported, but may still operate in modern Windows. This includes many models that use USB or serial port interfaces. In order to support these older models, plug-ins are available for many of these older models. These plug-ins are provided "as-is". No maintenance or technical support is provided.
Some of the obsolete plug-ins are distributed with MaxIm DL. Others are distributed in a separate Obsolete Driver Pack. For a complete list of obsolete models still potentially operable in MaxIm DL, and a link to download the Obsolete Driver Pack, please see Obsolete Camera Models.
Plug-in is included. SBIG provides drivers for all cameras that are currently in production. The third generation Aluma CCD, Aluma AC, StarChaser, and STC cameras are supported via DL Imaging drivers. The drivers are available on the supplied memory stick or by download from the product page. The low-level drivers are installed automatically via Windows Update, and are also available on the memory stick if Internet is not available.
For 2nd Generation driver cameras such as STX, STXL, STT, STI, and STF, the SBIGDriverChecker utility supplied with the camera is used to install and update the drivers. The drivers are available on the supplied memory stick or by download from the product page.
The various serial-datacom protocols range from RS-232 (EIA/TIA-232) to Gigabit Ethernet, and beyond. Though each protocol suits a particular application, in all cases you must consider cost and performance of the physical (PHY) layer. This article focuses on the RS-485 (EIA/TIA-485) protocol and the applications best suited to that standard. It also shows the ways that you can optimize data rates as a function of cabling, system design, and component selection.
What is RS-485? How does it compare to other serial protocols, and for what applications are they best suited? The following overview compares the characteristics and capabilities of the RS-485 PHY with those of RS-232 and RS-422.[1]
RS-232 is a standard that originated as a communications guide for modems, printers, and other PC peripherals. It provided a single-ended channel with baud rates up to 20kbps, and later enhanced to 1Mbps. Other RS-232 specifications include nominal 5V transmit and 3V receive (space/mark) signal levels, 2V common-mode rejection, 2200pF maximum cable load capacitance, 300Ω maximum driver output resistance, 3kΩ minimum receiver (load) impedance, and 100ft (typical) maximum cable length. RS-232 systems are point-to-point only. Any RS-232 system must accommodate these constraints.
RS-422 is a unidirectional, full-duplex standard for electrically noisy industrial environments. It specifies a single driver with multiple receivers. The signal path is differential, and handles bit rates above 50Mbps. The receivers' common-mode range is 7V, the driver output resistance is 100Ω maximum, and the receiver input impedance can be as low as 4kΩ.
Receiver input sensitivity is 200mV, which means that to recognize a mark or space, a receiver must see signal levels above +200mV or below -200mV. The minimum receiver input impedance is 12kΩ (called a unit load), and the driver output voltage is 1.5V minimum, 5V maximum.
Drive capacity is 32 unit loads, i.e., 32 12kΩ receivers in parallel. Many receivers are designed with a higher input impedance, allowing the number of unit loads on one bus to be higher as well. Any number of receivers can be connected to the bus, provided that the combined (parallel) load presented to the driver does not exceed 32 unit loads (375Ω). The allowable driver load impedance is 54Ω (maximum), which, in a typical 24AWG twisted-pair environment, is 32 unit loads in parallel with two 120Ω terminators.
The maximum recommended data rate in the RS-485 standard from 1998 is 10Mbps, which can be achieved at a maximum cable length of 40ft (12m). The absolute maximum distance is 4000ft (1.2km) of cable, at which point, data rate is limited to 100kbps.These were the specifications made in the original standard, which by the time of this app note's publication is already 20 years old! Modern applications involving RS-485 often have data rates several times 10Mbps, and require higher speeds over longer distances. New RS-485 transceivers and cables are pushing the limit of RS-485 far beyond its original definitions.
Profibus and Fieldbus are the overall system descriptions; RS-485 is the standard for the PHY layer of the network supporting them. Profibus and Fieldbus have slightly different specifications. Profibus requires a 2.0V minimum differential output voltage with a maximum bus load of 54Ω. Fieldbus requires a minimum differential output voltage of 1.5V, with a maximum load bus of 54Ω. Profibus can transmit data up to 12Mbps, vs. 500kbps for Fieldbus. Skew and capacitance tolerance are tighter in Profibus applications.
For system designers, the manufacturer of a transceiver is often not as important as the maximum data rate and longest distance that the RS-485 driver can drive a signal. The eye diagrams of a Maxim driver (the MAX3469 in this case, Figure 3) and an equivalent driver from another manufacturer (Figure 2) can give an idea of a transceiver's abilities over distance and signal speed.
Generally accepted industry-wide maximums for distance and data rate are 4000feet and 10Mbps, but (of course) not at the same time. Combining the latest devices with careful system design, however, can provide higher throughput over longer cable lengths.
Another way to calculate maximum cable length for reliable transmissions is to use the attenuation vs. frequency table supplied by the manufacturer for Cat5 cable. A general rule for allowable attenuation is -6dBV over the run of cable. That value can be combined with the manufacturer's attenuation data to calculate maximum cable length for a given frequency.
The MAX14783E is designed for high-speed (up to 42Mbps) multidrop operation with high ESD protection of up to 35kV HBM. With a 12kO input impedance, this device allows up to 32 transceivers (loads) on the bus. Maintaining multidrop operation and increasing the maximum data rate offers a more robust system design for reliable communication.
MAX22502E (Figure 8) is a full-duplex transceiver capable of the same 100Mbps maximum data rate as MAX22500E and MAX22501E. It also features the integrated preemphasis that is set with an external resistor.
The need for preemphasis depends on the cable length. Long cables can distort signals at the receiving end, resulting in ISI. Preemphasis reduces ISI by boosting the differential signal amplitude at every transition edge, counteracting the high-frequency attenuation of the cable. Preemphasis is not required on short cables, but only minimally degrades the jitter on eye diagrams when using short cables. Note that data taken from MAX22500E in Figure 8 demonstrates this relationship. These tests show the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over a length of TIA/EIA-568-B Cat6 cable while maintaining a bit-error rate less than one error per 100 million bits (BER
Last but not less important is your own contribution to our cause. You should consider to submit your ownserial numbers or share other files with the community just as someone else helped you with Selteco Menu Maker 4.0.3 serial number.Sharing is caring and that is the only way to keep our scene, our community alive.
For more information, see Purchasing Hints and Motor Control Diagrams where you can compare PCFC and Smart Focus. Smart Focus includes a hand control, AC adapter,focuser/encoder cable, serial computer cable and basic focuser control software. The handunit has two directional focusing buttons, a powerjack, a DB-9 serial connector and a DRO encoder jack. It can be operatedusing a 9-volt alkaline battery (included).
One end of thefocuser/encoder cable attaches to the hand control and the other end to theDRO encoder assembly installed on the JMI focuser or MOTOFOCUS motor (required, see below). Theserial cable connects between the hand control and the 9-pin serial port of a PC-compatible computer running Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7.
Most current laptops do not include a 9-pin serial adapter. Therefore, you will need to purchase a USB to Serial Adapter (USB to 9-pin Serial). If you purchase a USB Null-Modem Serial Adapter you will also need a straight-through 9-pin serial cable as apposed to the 9-pin null-modem cable which we supply (pleasesee note regarding serial ports).
Smart Focus requires one of the DRO Encoder Assemblies for a motorized JMIFocuser or MOTOFOCUS unit (not included). Smart Focus includes an A/C adapter, focuser/encoder cable, serial cable and software.
"I just wanted to say thanks for all your help in getting my Smart Focus/DRO running. I downloaded the drivers with the COM 5 variation and it worked just perfect. I did not have a 9-pin serial port so the IOGEAR USB adapter worked just as you suggested." (J. P.) 2ff7e9595c
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